Sonia Sotomayor

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" on 2009-05-026

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Sonia Sotomayor".

CONTENTS

Info Box

Early life and family

Education and early legal career

Federal judicial service

Confirmation as Court of Appeals Judge

Awards and honors

Other activities

Nomination to the United States Supreme Court

Reaction to nomination

Previous rulings

See also

References

External links

Info Box

|  This article documents a current event. Information may change rapidly as the event progresses.

Sonia Sotomayor

Sotomayor, 2003

Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit

Incumbent

Assumed office
October 7, 1998

Nominated by: Bill Clinton

Preceded by: J. Daniel Mahoney

Born: June 25, 1954 (1954-06-25) (age 54)
The Bronx, New York

Nationality: United States

Alma mater: Yale Law School (J.D.)
Princeton University (A.B.)

Religion: Roman Catholic

Sonia Sotomayor (born June 25, 1954) is a federal judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. On May 26, 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama nominated Judge Sotomayor for appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court, to replace retiring Justice David Souter.[1][2]

Early life and family

Sotomayor was born in The Bronx, New York, to Puerto Rican parents. She grew up in a housing project in the South Bronx, a short walk from Yankee Stadium.[3][4] She was diagnosed with diabetes at age 8.[5] Her father, a tool-and-die worker with a third-grade education, died the following year.[6] Her mother, a nurse, raised Sotomayor and her younger brother, who is now a doctor. In 1976 Sotomayor married while still a student at Princeton University, and divorced in 1983.[5]

Education and early legal career

Sotomayor graduated from Cardinal Spellman High School in the Bronx. She earned her A.B. from Princeton University, summa cum laude, in 1976, where she won the Pyne Prize, the highest general award given to Princeton undergraduates.[7] Sotomayor obtained her J.D. from Yale Law School in 1979, where she was an editor of the Yale Law Journal. Sotomayor then served as an Assistant District Attorney under prominent New York County District Attorney Robert Morgenthau, prosecuting robberies, assaults, murders, police brutality, and child pornography cases. In 1984, she entered private practice, making partner at the commercial litigation firm of Pavia & Harcourt, where she specialized in intellectual property litigation.[3][6][8]

Federal judicial service

Considered a political moderate[5][6][8][9][10][11][12][13] by the New York Times, the American Bar Association Journal[8][9] and others,[5][6][10][11][12][13] Sotomayor was nominated on November 27, 1991, by President George H. W. Bush to a seat on the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated by John M. Walker, Jr. She became the youngest judge in the Southern District[13] and the first Hispanic federal judge anywhere in New York State.[14]

It is the longstanding practice in most states, including New York, for home-state senators of both parties to play roles in recommending individuals for federal District Court judgeships.[15] According to a blog post by conservative activist Ed Whelan, Democratic Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan of New York suggested Sotomayor's name to President Bush and Bush appointed centrist Sotomayor in a deal that allowed a conservative judge to be appointed as well.[16] Sotomayor was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 11, 1992, and received her commission the next day.

On March 30, 1995, she issued the preliminary injunction against Major League Baseball, preventing MLB from unilaterally implementing a new Collective Bargaining Agreement and using replacement players, thus ending the 1994 baseball strike.[4][17] In another high-profile case, she issued an order allowing the Wall Street Journal to publish Vince Foster's suicide note.[18]

Confirmation as Court of Appeals Judge

On June 25, 1997, she was nominated by former President Bill Clinton to the seat she now holds, which was vacated by J. Daniel Mahoney. Her nomination was approved overwhelmingly by the Senate Judiciary Committee, but became "embroiled in the sometimes tortured judicial politics of the Senate," as some Republicans said they did not want to consider the nomination because elevating Sotomayor to the Appeals Court would enhance her prospects of being appointed to the Supreme Court.[19][20] An anonymous senator put a secret hold on her nomination, blocking it for over a year. Democratic Senator Patrick Leahy called the length of the hold "disturbing," "petty," and "shameful," also noting that at that time, "[o]f the 10 judicial nominees whose nominations have been pending the longest before the Senate, eight are women and racial or ethnic minority candidates."[21]

In 1998, several Hispanic organizations organized a petition drive in New York State, generating hundreds of signatures from New Yorkers to try to convince New York Republican Senator Al D'Amato to push the Senate leadership to bring Sotomayor's nomination to a vote.[22] Her nomination had been pending for over a year when Majority Leader Trent Lott scheduled the vote. Many Republicans, including then-Judiciary Committee Chairman Orrin Hatch and six other Republicans who are still in the Senate today, voted for Sotomayor's confirmation to the Second Circuit.[19] With solid Democratic support, and support from about half of Republicans, Sotomayor was confirmed on October 2, 1998, in a 67-29 vote[23], and she received her commission on October 7.

Awards and honors

Sotomayor has received honorary degrees from Lehman College, Princeton University, Brooklyn Law School, Pace University School of Law, Hofstra University,[24] and Northeastern University.[25] She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002.[25]

Other activities

While in private practice, Sotomayor was appointed in 1988 as one of the founding members of the New York City Campaign Finance Board, where she served for four years.[26] She has also been a member of the Board of Directors of the State of New York Mortgage Agency (SONYMA), the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund, and the foundation then known as the Maternity Center Association (now called Childbirth Connection).[27]

Sotomayor was an Adjunct Professor at New York University School of Law from 1998 to 2007 and has been a lecturer-in-law at Columbia Law School since 1999.[27] She is a member of the Board of Trustees of Princeton University and a longtime fan of the New York Yankees.[17]

Nomination to the United States Supreme Court

Prior to her reported selection as President Obama's nominee, Sotomayor had been regarded as a potential Supreme Court nominee by several presidents, both Republican and Democratic.[8][28] In July 2005, a number of Senate Democrats suggested Sotomayor, among others, to President George W. Bush as a nominee acceptable to them to fill the seat of retiring Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. The seat was eventually filled by Judge Samuel A. Alito, Jr. of the Third Circuit.

Since Barack Obama's election, there had been speculation that Sotomayor could be a leading candidate for the Supreme Court seat of Justice David Souter, or for any opening on the Court during Obama's term.[8][9][10][28][29][30][31] On April 9, 2009, New York Senators Charles Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand wrote a joint letter to President Obama urging him to appoint Sotomayor, or alternatively Interior Secretary Ken Salazar, to the Supreme Court if a vacancy should arise on the Court during his term.[32] On April 30, 2009 David Souter's retirement plans were leaked to the media, and Sonia Sotomayor received early attention as a possible nominee for the seat to be vacated in June 2009.[31] On May 13, 2009, the Associated Press reported that President Obama was considering Sotomayor, among others, for possible appointment to the United States Supreme Court.[33] On May 26, 2009, Obama nominated Sotomayor to the court.[34] If confirmed, this would make her the Supreme Court's first Hispanic American justice.[32][35][36][37]

Reaction to nomination

Al Sharpton called the nomination "prudent, groundbreaking and the right choice at this time in our nation's history as we face serious constitutional and legal questions that will impact the lives of Americans for decades to come."[38]

Previous rulings

While on the Circuit Court, one of Sotomayor's most high-profile cases involved her voting that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 held that the city of New Haven could disregard the scores on a promotional test for firefighters because none of the highest scorers on the test were minorities.[39] The case was recently heard by the U.S. Supreme Court as Ricci v. DeStefano, but a ruling has not yet been issued.

See also

|  Puerto Rico portal

- List of famous Puerto Ricans

- George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates

- Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates

References

1. ^ Jeff Zeleny (May 26, 2009). "Obama Chooses Sotomayor for Supreme Court Nominee". New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/26/obama-makes-decision-on-supreme-court-nominee/. Retrieved on May 26,2009.

2. ^ "Sonia Sotomayor: Supreme Court Nominee". 2009-05-26. http://www.uslaw.com/sotomayor. Retrieved on 2009-05-26.

3. ^ [a] [b] "Sonia Sotomayor (ABA Profile, National Hispanic Heritage Month 2000)". http://www.abanet.org/publiced/hispanic_s.html.

4. ^ [a] [b] Abrams, Roger I. (2001). Legal Bases. Temple University Press. p. 173.

5. ^ [a] [b] [c] [d] McKinley, James C. (1995-04-01). "Woman in the News; Strike-Zone Arbitrator — Sonia Sotomayor". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE7D7163FF932A35757C0A963958260.

6. ^ [a] [b] [c] [d] Hoffman, Jan (1992-09-25). "A Breakthrough Judge: What She Always Wanted". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7D8173AF936A1575AC0A964958260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink.

7. ^ Shapiro, Michael (2009-05-05). "Sonia Sotomayor '76 is very smart". The Daily Princetonian. http://blogs.dailyprincetonian.com/2009/05/sonia-sotomayor-76-is-very-smart.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-06.

8. ^ [a] [b] [c] [d] [e] Carter, Terry; Stephanie Francis Ward (November 2008). "The Lawyers Who May Run America". ABA Journal. http://abajournal.com/magazine/the_lawyers_who_may_run_america_obama. Retrieved on 2009-01-17.

9. ^ [a] [b] [c] Adams, Edward A. (2009-04-30). "Who Will Replace Justice Souter?". ABA Journal. http://abajournal.com/news/who_will_replace_justice_souter. Retrieved on 2009-05-01.

10. ^ [a] [b] [c] Shepard, Scott (2008-11-24). "Speculation Already Under Way on Possible Obama Supreme Court Nominations". Cox News Service. http://www.coxwashington.com/hp/content/reporters/stories/2008/22/2008/11/24/OBAMA_SCOTUS23_COX.html. Retrieved on 2009-01-17.

11. ^ [a] [b] Biskupic, Joan (2005-07-19). "The next president could tip high court". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-09-29-election-court-cover_x.htm.

12. ^ [a] [b] McKinley, James (1995-04-02). "Tough on the Bench: Judge who issued injunction against owners gets high marks by peers". Dallas Morning News.

13. ^ [a] [b] [c] "Times Topics: Sonia Sotomayor". New York Times. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/s/sonia_sotomayor/index.html?inline=nyt-per. Retrieved on 2009-05-01.

14. ^ King, Wayne (1991-03-02). "Hispanic Nominee for U.S. Bench". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE5DE173FF931A35750C0A967958260.

15. ^ Rutkus, Dennis (2008-03-06), "CRS Report for Congress: Role of Home State Senators in the Selection of Lower Federal Court Judges", USA Today: p. 14, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34405_20080306.pdf

16. ^ Whelan, Ed. "Shorter Bench". "National Review Online blog". http://bench.nationalreview.com/post/?q=N2Y5MTY2NzcwYjU1N2JiMDIxZTE2Nzc0ODNjYzZkYTc=.

17. ^ [a] [b] Smith, Greg B. (1998-10-24). "Judge's Journey to Top: Bronx' Sotomayor Rose From Projects to Court of Appeals". New York Daily News.

18. ^ "100 Most Influential Hispanics" (PDF). Hispanic Business: 74. October 2005. http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/_client/pdf/influentials05.pdf.

19. ^ [a] [b] Lewis, Neil A. (1998-10-03). "After Delay, Senate Approves Judge for Court in New York". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B01E5D61338F930A35753C1A96E958260.

20. ^ Lewis, Neil A. (1998-06-13). "G.O.P., Its Eyes On High Court, Blocks a Judge". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/13/nyregion/gop-its-eyes-on-high-court-blocks-a-judge.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all.

21. ^ "Delays in Senate Action on Judicial Nominations". 1998-06-18. http://leahy.senate.gov/press/199806/980618b.html.

22. ^ Bell, Lauren Cohen (2002). Warring factions: interest groups, money, and the new politics of Senate confirmation. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. pp. 81. ISBN 0-8142-0891-6.

23. ^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 105th Congress - 2nd Session". http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=105&session=2&vote=00295.

24. ^ "Outstanding Latino Professional Award Recipient, 2006, Judge Sotomayor". http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lalsa/index_files/JudgeSoniaSotomayorbio.htm.

25. ^ [a] [b] http://members.amphilsoc.org/webLinksPublic.php?MemberId=4489

26. ^ http://www.nyccfb.info/press/info/board_members.htm?sm=press_04

27. ^ [a] [b] http://www.ca2.uscourts.gov/judgesbio.htm

28. ^ [a] [b] Weiner, Rachel Jr. (2009-05-01). "Sonia Sotomayor: Supreme Court Nominee? All You Need To Know". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/01/sonia-sotomayor-supreme-c_n_194470.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-01.

29. ^ "Obama court pick could be Granholm". Washington Post. 2008-10-07. http://detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081007/POLITICS/810070312.

30. ^ "Sonia Sotomayor: Obama's Supreme Court Replacement for Ginsburg?". Esquire. 2009-02-06. http://www.esquire.com/features/75-most-influential/obama-supreme-court-pick-1008. Retrieved on 2009-05-01.

31. ^ [a] [b] Stein, Sam (2009-05-01). "Inside Obama's Court Deliberations: Sotomayor Most Mentioned". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/01/inside-obamas-court-delib_n_194887.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-02.

32. ^ [a] [b] Schumer, Charles; Kirsten Gillibrand (2009-04-09). "Schumer, Gillibrand make direct appeal to President Obama recommending he nominate the first ever Latino to the Supreme Court should a vacancy occur during his term". Press Release of Senator Charles Schumer. http://schumer.senate.gov/new_website/record.cfm?id=311344. Retrieved on 2009-05-01.

33. ^ "AP source: Obama has more than 6 people for court". http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_OBAMA_SUPREME_COURT?SITE=CARIE&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT. Retrieved on 2009-05-13.

34. ^ Baker, Peter, and Jeff Zeleney. "Obama Selects Sotomayor for Court." New York Times, May 26, 2009.

35. ^ "US Supreme Court set to have first Latina justice". The Telegraph. 2009-05-02. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/5263809/US-Supreme-Court-set-to-have-first-Latina-justice.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-03.

36. ^ "Bronx judge Sonia Sotomayor would be first Latina on Supreme Court if she replaces Justice Souter". The Daily News. 2009-05-01. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2009/05/01/2009-05-01_president_obama_bronx_judge_sonia_sotomayor.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-03.

37. ^ "Supreme Court Justice David Souter plans to retire". Politico. 2009-04-30. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0409/21972.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-03.

38. ^ http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dailypolitics/2009/05/new-yorks-us-supreme-court-jus.html

39. ^ On a Supreme Court Prospect’s Résumé: ‘Baseball Savior’, The New York Times, May 14, 2009

External links

- Sonia Sotomayor at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.

- Extended Biography

- American Philosophical Society short bio

- ABA Profile, National Hispanic Heritage Month 2000

- "A Breakthrough Judge: What She Always Wanted" early profile from 1992

- SCOTUSBlog: Judge Sotomayor's Appellate Opinions in Civil Cases

- Sonia Sotomayor focus page with news from leading sources at DailyMe.com

GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.3, 3 November 2008

Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

0. PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.

A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.

A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.

The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document to the public.

A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.

The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.

2. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.

3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

4. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

- A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.

- B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.

- C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.

- D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

- E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.

- F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.

- G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.

- H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

- I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.

- J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.

- K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.

- L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

- M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.

- N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

- O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".

6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.

11. RELICENSING

"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.

"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.

"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.

An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.

The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with … Texts." line with this:

with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.