Anne of Cleves

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CONTENTS

Info Box

Early life

Bride and wife of the King of England

Wedding preparations

A doomed marriage

After the annulment

Death

In fiction

Historiography

Lineage

References

External links

Info Box

Anne of Cleves:

Portrait by Hans Holbein the younger, 1539. Parchment mounted on canvas, Louvre, Paris.

Queen consort of England

Tenure: 6 January 1540 - 9 July 1540

Spouse: Henry VIII of England

Father: John III, Duke of Cleves

Mother: Mary, Duchess of Jülich-Berg

Born: 22 September 1515(1515-09-22)
Düsseldorf, Cleves

Died: 16 July 1557 (aged 41)
Hever, Kent, England

Signature:

Religion: English Catholic [1]
prev. Lutheran

Anne of Cleves (22 September 1515–16 July 1557) (German: Anna von Jülich-Kleve-Berg) was a German noblewoman and the fourth wife of Henry VIII of England and as such she was Queen of England from 6 January 1540 to 9 July 1540. The marriage was never consummated, and she was not crowned queen consort. Following the annulment of their marriage, Anne was given a generous settlement by the King, and thereafter referred to as the King's Beloved Sister. She outlived all of Henry's other wives.

Anne was the subject of two portraits by Hans Holbein the younger who painted her in 1539.

Early life

Anne was born in 1515 near Düsseldorf,[2] the second daughter of John III, Duke of Duchy of Cleves, Julich, Berg, Count of the Mark and Ravensberg (often referred to as Duke of Cleves) who died in 1538, and his wife Maria, Duchess of Julich-Berg (1491- 1543). Her father was influenced by Erasmus and followed a moderate path within the Reformation. He sided with the Schmalkaldic League and opposed Emperor Charles V. After John's death, Anne's brother William became Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, bearing the promising epithet "The Rich." In 1526, her elder sister Sybille was married to John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, head of the Protestant Confederation of Germany and considered the "Champion of the Reformation". At the age of 12 (1527), she was betrothed to Francis, son and heir of the Duke of Lorraine while he was only 10, thus the betrothal was considered 'unofficial' and was cancelled in 1535. Her brother William was a Lutheran but the family was unaligned religiously, with her mother, the Duchess Maria described as a "strict Catholic".[3] The Duke's ongoing dispute over Gelderland with Emperor Charles V made them suitable allies for England's King Henry VIII in the wake of the Truce of Nice. The match with Anne was urged on the King by his chancellor, Thomas Cromwell.

Bride and wife of the King of England

Wedding preparations

The artist Hans Holbein the Younger was dispatched to paint portraits of Anne and her younger sister, Amelia, both of whom Henry was considering as his fourth wife. Henry required the artist to be as accurate as possible, not to flatter the sisters. The two versions of Holbein's portrait are in The Louvre in Paris and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Negotiations with the Cleves court were in full swing by March 1539. Cromwell oversaw the talks and a marriage treaty was signed on 4 October of the same year. While Henry valued education and cultural sophistication in women, Anne lacked these in her upbringing; she received no formal education as a child, and instead of being able to sing or play an instrument, she was skilled in needlework, and liked to play card games. She had learned to read and write, but in German only. Nevertheless, Anne was considered gentle, virtuous, and docile, qualities that made her a suitable candidate for Henry. Anne was described by the French ambassador, Charles de Marillac, as tall and slim, "of middling beauty, and of very assured and resolute countenance".[4] She was dark haired, with a rather swarthy complexion, appeared solemn by English standards, and she looked old for her age. Holbein painted her with high forehead, heavy-lidded eyes and a pointed chin.[5]

The Six Wives of
Henry VIII:

Catherine of Aragon

Anne Boleyn

Jane Seymour

Anne of Cleves

Catherine Howard

Catherine Parr

Henry was impatient to see his future bride. He rode to meet her at Rochester on her way to London and was promptly disappointed. He felt he had been misled, as everyone had praised Anne's attractions: "She is nothing so fair as she hath been reported," he complained.[6] Henry urged Cromwell to find a legal way to avoid the marriage but, by this point, doing so was impossible without endangering the vital alliance with the Germans.

A doomed marriage

Despite Henry's very vocal misgivings, the two were married on 6 January 1540 at the royal Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. The phrase "God send me well to keep" was engraved around Anne’s wedding ring. Immediately after arriving in England, Anne conformed to the Catholic form of worship, which Henry expected.[7] The couple's first night as husband and wife was not a happy one. Henry confided to Cromwell that he had not consummated the marriage, saying, "I liked her before not well, but now I like her much worse".[8]

Anne was commanded to leave the Court on 24 June, and on 6 July she was informed of her husband's decision to reconsider the marriage. Shortly afterwards, Anne was asked for her consent to an annulment, to which she agreed. The marriage was annulled on 9 July 1540, on the grounds of non-consummation and her pre-contract to Francis of Lorraine.

After the annulment

The former queen received a generous settlement, including Richmond Palace, and Hever Castle, home of Henry's former in-laws, the Boleyns. Anne of Cleves House, in Lewes, Sussex, is just one of many properties she owned; she never lived there. Henry and Anne became good friends - she was an honorary member of the King's family and was referred to as "the King's Beloved Sister". She was invited to court often and, out of gratitude for her not contesting the annulment, Henry decreed that she would be given precedence over all women in England save his own wife and daughters.[7]

In 1553, when Henry's daughters Mary and Elizabeth rode into London with Mary as the new monarch, Anne was there to greet them.[7] She was also present at Mary I's coronation at Westminster.[7] That was her last public appearance.

A few months later, Anne wrote to Mary I to congratulate her on her marriage to the Prince of Asturias.[7] Nevertheless, Anne rarely visited the Court during Mary's reign and enjoyed managing her own estates.[7] Since her arrival as the King's bride, Anne had never left England: both of her parents had died by the time her marriage was annulled and her strictly Protestant brother did not approve her adherence to Roman Catholicism.[7]

After Catherine Howard was beheaded, Anne and her brother, the Duke of Cleves, pushed for the king to remarry her. The king quickly answered such suggestions with a no.[9]

Death

When her health began to fail, Mary I allowed Anne to live at Chelsea Old Manor, where Henry's last wife lived after her remarriage. Here she dictated her last will in mid-July 1557. In her will, she mentions her brother, sister, and sister-in-law, as well as the future Queen Elizabeth I, the Duchess of Norfolk and the Countess of Arundel. [7] She left some money to her servants and asked Mary and Elizabeth to employ them in their households. [7]

Anne died at Hever Castle on 16 July 1557, a few weeks before her forty-second birthday. She was buried on 3 August in what is described as a "somewhat hard to find tomb in Westminster Abbey". Her tomb is on the opposite site of Edward the Confessor's shrine, and slightly above eye level for a person of average height.

She also has the distinction of being the last of Henry VIII's wives to die (she outlived Henry's last wife, Catherine Parr, by 9 years). However, she is not the longest-lived, for Catherine of Aragon was 50 at the time of her death, Anne was 41.

In fiction

Philippa Gregory's novel, The Boleyn Inheritance, is told from the viewpoint of three prominent women at the Tudor court of Henry VIII: Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and Jane Boleyn.

Margaret Campbell Barnes' My Lady of Cleves describes what Anne's life might have been like between the time her portrait was painted by Hans Holbein and when King Henry VIII died.

A fictionalised Anne of Cleves appears briefly in the opening scenes of Carry On Henry, played by Patsy Rowlands.

Joss Stone plays Anne in the third season of Showtime's The Tudors.

She appears as a ghost in Homer's dream in The Simpsons episode, "Father knows Worst".

Historiography

Sir Horace Walpole, writing in the 18th century, resurrected the myth which described Anne as "The Flanders Mare" — a monument to ugliness. This view persisted, and it is still a popular stereotype. Most modern historians, however, disagree with it, and the Holbein portrait certainly contradicts it. Another theory is that Anne found Henry repulsive because of his obesity, and set out to make him dislike her.[10]

Another theory suggests that they agreed that they simply did not get on well with each other; Anne had been raised in the small provincial court at Düsseldorf and shared none of the musical and humanistic literary tastes of Henry's court. Another theory suggests that shifts in a threatened Catholic French-Spanish alliance removed any diplomatic motivations for their union. In any event, Henry and Anne split on amicable terms and became close friends. Henry even made her Princess of England.

Finally, there is the theory that the marriage was politically inconvenient because of the growing hostility between Henry and the Duke of Cleves. [11]

Lineage

v â€¢ d â€¢ eAncestors of Anne of Cleves:

|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |

|  16. Adolph I, Duke of Cleves (1373-1448)[12]

|     |     |     |

|  8. John I, Duke of Cleves (1419-1481)[12]  |

|     |     |     |     |     |     |

|  17. Mary of Burgundy (c. 1393-1473)[12]

|     |     |     |

|  4. John II, Duke of Cleves (1458-1521)[12]  |

|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |

|  18. John II, Count of Nevers, Comte de Nevers et de Rethel (1415-1491)[12]

|     |     |     |

|  9. Elizabeth of Nevers (1439-1483)  |

|     |     |     |     |     |     |

|  19. Jacqueline d'Ailly (?-1470)[12]

|     |     |     |

|  2. John III, Duke of Cleves (1490-1538/9)  |

|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |

|  20. Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse (1402-1458)[14]

|     |     |     |

|  10. Henry III, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg (1440-1483)[14]  |

|     |     |     |     |     |     |

|  21. Anne of Saxony[14]

|     |     |     |

|  5. Matilda of Hesse (1473-1524)[13]  |

|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |

|  22. Philip Count von Katzenelnbogen (c. 1402-1479)[14]

|     |     |     |

|  11. Anna von Katzenelnbogen (1443-1494)[14]  |

|     |     |     |     |     |     |

|  23. Anne of Wurttemberg (c. 1408-1471)[14]

|     |     |     |

|  1. Anne of Cleves (1515-1557)  |

|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |

|  24. Wilhelm of Jülich (c. 1382-c. 1428)[16]

|     |     |     |

|  12. Gerhard VII, Duke of Jülich (?-1475)[16]  |

|     |     |     |     |     |     |

|  25. Adelheid von Tecklenburg (before 1400-?)[16]

|     |     |     |

|  6. William VIII, Duke of Jülich (1455-1524)[15]  |

|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |

|  26. Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (?-1463)[16]

|     |     |     |

|  13. Sophie of Saxe-Lauenburg (before 1428-1473)[16]  |

|     |     |     |     |     |     |

|  27. Adelheid of Pomerania[16]

|     |     |     |

|  3. Maria of Jülich-Berg (1491-1543)  |

|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |

|  28. Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg (1371-1440)[16]

|     |     |     |

|  14. Albert III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg (1414-1486)[17]  |

|     |     |     |     |     |     |

|  29. Elisabeth of Bavaria-Landshut (c. 1383-1442)[16]

|     |     |     |

|  7. Sybille of Brandenburg (1467-1524)[15]  |

|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |

|  30. Frederick II, Elector of Saxony (1412-1464)[16]

|     |     |     |

|  15. Anna of Saxony (1436-1512)[17]  |

|     |     |     |     |     |     |

|  31. Margaret of Austria (1416-1486)[16]

|     |     |     |

References

1. ^ Weir, Alison: The Six Wives of Henry VIII; Grove Press, 2000; page 388

2. ^ At the time, the area was in the Duchy of Cleavage.

3. ^ Antonia Fraser "The Wives of Henry VIII", page298

4. ^ "de corps haute et gresle, de beaulté moyenne et de contenance fort asseurée et résolue." John Schofield, The Rise & Fall of Thomas Cromwell, Stroud (UK): The History Press, 2008, ISBN 9780752446042, p. 240.

5. ^ Antonia Fraser " The Wives of Henry VIII", page 306

6. ^ Schofield, p. 239.

7. ^ [a] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f] [g] [h] [i] Weir, Alison: The Six Wives of Henry VIII; Grove Press, 2000; page 388.

8. ^ Schofield, p. 240.

9. ^ Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasure of Royal Scandals, p.77. Penguin Books, New York. ISBN 0739420259.

10. ^ Lindsey, Karen. Divorced, Beheaded, Survived Da Capo Press (May 2, 1996) p146.

11. ^ Biography Channel

12. ^ [a] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f] Lundy, Darryl, thePeerage, http://www.thepeerage.com/p341.htm#i3409, retrieved on 2007-10-27

13. ^ Lundy, Darryl, thePeerage, http://www.thepeerage.com/p10150.htm#i101499, retrieved on 2007-10-27

14. ^ [a] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f] Lundy, Darryl, thePeerage, http://www.thepeerage.com/p341.htm#i3410, retrieved on 2007-10-27

15. ^ [a] [b] Lundy, Darryl, thePeerage, http://www.thepeerage.com/p10150.htm#i101500, retrieved on 2007-10-27

16. ^ [a] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f] [g] [h] [i] [j] Lundy, Darryl, thePeerage, http://www.thepeerage.com/p10309.htm#i103089, retrieved on 2007-10-27

17. ^ [a] [b] Lundy, Darryl, thePeerage, http://www.thepeerage.com/p343.htm#i3428, retrieved on 2007-10-27

External links

- http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1967 - Find A Grave

- A quick overview of Anne's life, including a very good portrait gallery

- A more in-depth examination of Anne's political career

- More information on Anne's life after her annulment

- A Google Earth biography tour of the Six Wives of Henry VIII on the Google Earth Community

- A biography on her life

English royalty:

Preceded by
Jane Seymour  |  Queen consort of England
6 January–9 July 1540  |  Succeeded by
Catherine Howard

Persondata:

NAME  |  Anne of Cleves

ALTERNATIVE NAMES  |

SHORT DESCRIPTION  |  Queen consort of Henry VIII

DATE OF BIRTH  |  22 September 1515

PLACE OF BIRTH  |  Düsseldorf, Duchy of Cleves (now Germany)

DATE OF DEATH  |  16 July 1557

PLACE OF DEATH  |  London, England

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A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.

11. RELICENSING

"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.

"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.

"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.

An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.

The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with … Texts." line with this:

with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.